Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Wiley Online LibraryCurrent state‐of‐the‐art climate and also weather and seasonal forecast models represent the different climate subsystems, such as atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface, through a variety of modelling approaches. Different numerical methods are used to discretize these subsystems, which often require computational grids of a certain geometry. This often produces a climate model that is constructed from independent model components that are coupled at their respective interfaces (Valcke, 2013).
